We were asked to explain
the following topics in order to know a little bit more about school guidance
and counselling in Spain:
- Guidance and
counselling in early childhood
- Guidance and
counseling in higher education
- Guidance and
counselling in a lifelong learning approach
- Support measures
for learners in adult education and training
Our answers were these:
GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELLING IN EARLY CHILDHOOD AND SCHOOL EDUCATION IN SPAIN
-General approach:
What is it about?
Fundamental intervention in order to improve education quality based on the
principles of prevention, development and global intervention.
Who is it for? It is
for all students, families and education professionals.
Who provides it? It is
carried out by trained and prestigious professionals, such as tutors, teachers,
counselors and in extreme situations social workers. It depends on the specific
needs of each student.
·Main guidance
functions:
* Educative
prevention and intervention (inclusion of new students, adaption to the
school…)
* Guidance and
psycho-pedagogical counseling
* Academic and
professional guidance
* Support the
tutorial action plan.
* Diagnose
(evaluation for psycho pedagogic purposes.
* Preparation and
development of institutional documents.
* Teaching
(counselors basically in ESO also teach)
·Organization in
intervention levels:
* Classroom level
(mainly carried out by teachers)
* Direct
intervention at schools (counselors are responsible for setting up prevention
measures, diagnosis and intervention with students apart from some
administrative work).
* Specific
intervention with schools (external support to the direct intervention).
-Specific for early
childhood;
* Classroom level:
Developed by the teacher in order to ensure the pupil´s satisfactory
integration in the group of classmates.
* Direct
intervention at schools: predominance of guidance structures that are external
to schools but provided within the schools.
* Specific
intervention with schools: Professionals that cooperate with counselors
providing an extra help if and when need it. Social workers, neuropediatrics,
psychologists, speech trainers… could be examples of these professionals.
GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELLING IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN SPAIN
In order to have a
better conception of what Spanish guidance and counseling in high education is
referring to, we are going to focus on the following issues:
* Who receives
school guidance and counseling.
* Specific measures
provided:
- Financial aids for
students.
- Organizational
options and alternative structures.
- Specific measures
for disabled students.
- Specific programs
for victims of terrorism and victims of gender-based violence.
* Measures promoted
by the statute of the university student.
* Measures promoted
by the Spanish Ministry of education.
* Measures promoted
by the Spanish Public Employment Service.
School guidance and
counseling is directed to a specific target group which includes: Students with
needs related to disability, highly gifted students, and economically
disadvantaged students. Besides, special attention is paid to: people with family
responsibilities, victims of gender-based violence and victims of terrorism.
In order to
guarantee that nobody is excluded from university because of economic reasons,
some basics grants, aids and credits are provided. It includes: general grants
and aids (Its awarding depending on the state and the Autonomous Communities).
Special grants and aids (for specific academic achievement), graduation project
grants (expenditure on academic material), grants for students with specific
needs (to pay the needed activities in order to improve some kind of
disability).
It is also proposed
the existence of other basic structures apart from the assistance way of
learning such as: Distance learning at university, UNED (related with degrees),
and the Center for innovation and development of distance education, CIDEAD,
(linked with a training education).
For disabled
students, apart from financial aids, universities carry out adaptations to
access their curriculum, studies or installations and buildings. Its aim is to
guarantee their access, entry, stay and exercise of academic degrees.
Furthermore, for students who are victims of terrorism universities carry out
personalized aid.
Besides of what it
has been said, the Statute of the university student takes into account some
ways for providing guidance and attention comprehensive activities for
university students. For instance: tutorial systems (incorporating information,
guidance and training support actions for students), tutorship (guidance and
cross curricular monitoring on their degree) or units for attention to students
(They provide psychological and health guidance).
The Ministry of
Education is also interested in giving some basic tasks to ensure school
guidance and counseling. Most of them are focused on academic issues like:
flexibility to work and study, action plans for student’s participation in
university life, aids to make easier the transition between pre-university
levels and university environments…
Finally, Spanish
Public Employment Service will help students at the end of their degrees in
order to find and job by informing them about the existing training and
professional choices.
GUIDANCE AND
COUNSELLING IN A LIFELONG LEARNING APPROACH
Counselling is
understood as the development of skills as well as personal, academic and
professional guidance.
In the law there are
three types of education: formal, non-formal and work experience training. The institutions
that are responsible for each kind of education depend on the autonomous
community.
- Guidance in vocational training studies for adults of
the Education system
Within the formal
education we can find two main parts related to guidance and counselling. The
first one is understood theoretically and we can find it in a compulsory
subject whose aim is to guide labor relations, learning and work opportunities
or rights and duties. The second, more practical than the previous one, is
within the "practicum", the period of time when students train in
workplaces. In this one, the tutors are not only in the school but also in the
work center.
- Training-employment
relationship in workshop school, trade schools and employment workshops of the
labor authority
Non-formal education
is carried out in specific schools that help students get basic qualification.
Therefore, students work and study in the same time in that place. One example
of this type of education could be schools of hairdressing.
- Training-employment
relationship in Vocational training for employment of the labor authority
The aim of work
experience training is to improve work ability for employed and non employed
people. Moreover it is carried out during training employment. In this kind of
education, professional guidance is needed when you want to be your skills
recognized in order to get a certificate.
This is the mind map of the last group:
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